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Objective To analyze the mortality rate and probability of premature death caused by four major noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs)in Linyi City from 2013 to 2021, and to provide data support for scientific formulation of chronic disease prevention and control strategy. Methods The mortality data of major chronic diseases in Linyi City from 2013 to 2021 were analyzed. The crude mortality, age-standardized mortality and premature death probability were calculated. The annual percent change (APC) was adopted to analyze the temporal trend of mortality and probability of premature death. Results The average annual crude mortality of four major NCDs was 538.98/100,000, and the age-standardized mortality was 387.3/100,000. The crude mortality rate increased from 517.37/100 000 in 2013 to 563.13/100 000 in 2021 (APC=0.89％, P=0.01). The age-standardized mortality rate decreased from 410.19/100,000 to 364.92/100,000 (APC=-1.8％, P=0.01). The crude mortality and age-standardized mortality of four major NCDs in males were higher than those in females (P<0.05). The average annual probability of premature death caused by four major NCDs was 13.37%. The probability of premature death decreased from 14.49％ in 2013 to 12.32％ in 2021（APC=-2.1％, P=0.00）. From 2013 to 2021, the probability of premature death from malignant tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases in Linyi City dropped from 6.14%, 7.47%, and 1.21% to 5.52%, 6.46%, and 0.5%, respectively (APCs were -1.2%, -2.1%, and -11.3%, respectively, and P values were 0.04, 0.00, and 0.00, respectively). The probability of premature death from diabetes remained stable. The probability of premature death caused by four major NCDs in males was higher than that in females (P<0.05). Conclusion The probability of premature death of the four major NCDs in Linyi has showed a downward trend during 2013-2021. It is suggested to strengthen the prevention and control of diabetes in the next step.
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Objective To analyze the changing trend of disease burden attributable to renal insufficiency in cardiovascular disease (CVD) among the elderly in China from 1990 to 2019, and to forecast the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in the next 10 years, so as to provide a reference basis for accurate prevention and control of CVD attributable to renal insufficiency in China. Methods Data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) database to describe the current status of CVD prevalence attributable to renal insufficiency. The joinpoint model was used to estimate the annual percentage change and average annual percentage change to assess the temporal trend of CVD attributable to renal insufficiency in China. An autoregressive moving average model was created by R4.0.2 software to predict the disease burden of CVD attributable to renal insufficiency in China. Results Compared with 1990, CVD mortality and DALY rates attributed to renal insufficiency increased in the male elderly population and decreased in women. Mortality and DALY rates attributed to ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease attributed to renal insufficiency showed an increasing trend, and mortality and DALY rates for cerebral hemorrhage decreased. There was an overall increasing trend in the attribution of CVD due to renal insufficiency. Conclusion The burden of diseases attributable to renal insufficiency in Chinese elderly with CVD is relatively high, and the impact on each disease is different, which requires the attention of relevant authorities.
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Objective To explore the impact of temperature and environmental factors on the risk of deaths from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in Wuhan during the course of high temperature. Methods The daily CVD death data and meteorological and atmospheric pollutant concentration data during the high temperature process in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019 were collected. The generalized additive models (GAM) were used to obtain the characteristics of meteorological factors, atmospheric pollutant concentrations, high impact factors and thresholds affecting the relative risk of CVD death. Results The analysis results showed that: (1) When the maximum temperature reached 36.7°C and the lowest temperature reached 25.3°C, the relative risk of CVD death increased significantly; (2) The risk of CVD death during the first high temperature process was the largest, and the average CVD excess mortality rate during the first high temperature process from 2014 to 2019 reached 21.7%; and (3) The average temperature, maximum temperature and PM10 during the course of high temperature were important environmental factors that increased the risk of CVD deaths, and the relative risks were 1.14 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.11-1.17), 1.11 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.08-1.15, and 1.06 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.02-1.09), respectively. Conclusion Temperature and PM10 are important environmental factors that increase the risk of death from CVD during the high temperature process in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019, with the first annual high temperature process having the greatest impact on the risk of CVD death.
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Objective@#To examine the dose-response association between cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.@*Methods@#A joint search was performed in Chinese and English electronic databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure ( CNKI ) , Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, to retrieve publications reporting the correlation between CRF and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases until May, 2021. The pooled risk was estimated using the random effects model, and the dose-response association was evaluated using restricted cubic splines. The source of heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analysis, and the stability of the results was tested by the trim-and-fill method, while the publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.@*Results@#Totally 37 280 literatures were identified, and 23 eligible studies were finally included in the analysis, which covered 2 605 622 subjects. There were 22 publications identified as high-quality. Meta-analysis revealed that the pooled risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases reduced by 42% in the highest CRF group relative to the lowest CRF group ( OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.52-0.65 ), and a one metabolic equivalent ( MET ) increase in CRF caused a 10% reduction in the pooled risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ( OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.88-0.92 ). There was a negative linear correlation between CRF and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases ( P=0.396 ). Subgroup analysis identified gender, sample size and study regions as possible sources of heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis showed that the study results were stable.@*Conclusions@#There is a negative linear correlation between CRF and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and an increase in CRF may reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Objective @#To investigate the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to examine the effects on life expectancy among residents in Yuhang District of Hangzhou City from 2010 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.@*Methods@#The mortality surveillance data of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of registered residents in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020 were collected from Zhejiang All-cause Death Surveillance System. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, annual percent change ( APC ), Fulfillment index, life expectancy, cause-eliminated life expectancy and years of life lost, and the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the impact on life expectancy were analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 21 761 deaths occurred due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, and the annual average crude and standardized mortality rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 206.14/105 and 129.62/105, respectively. The annual crude and standardized mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases both appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2010 to 2020, with APC of -3.63% and -5.45%, respectively ( P<0.05 ), and the Fulfillment index showed a tendency towards a reduction in residents at ages of 50 to 79 years ( P<0.05 ). The mean life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy were 82.71 and 88.39 years in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, which both appeared a tendency towards a rise, both with APC of 0.50% ( P<0.05 ). The years of life lost were 5.02 to 6.47 years due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the life loss rates were 6.00% to 7.73%.@*Conclusions@#The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases appeared a tendency towards a decline decreased and the cause-eliminated life expectancy appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020. Intensifying the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases death may increase the life expectancy.
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Objectives To investigate the effects of low level of ambient NO2 on the death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city and to identify sensitive population, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating health policies. Methods The data of air pollutants, meteorological factors and death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city from 2015 to 2018 were collected. The generalized additive model based on Poisson distribution was used to analyze the effects of low ambient NO2 level on the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city. A subgroup analysis was performed on age, gender, and season. Results The average concentrations of major gaseous air pollutants in Enshi city from 2015 to 2018 were NO2 (21.40 μg/m3), SO2 (9.68 μg/m3), CO (0.88 mg/m3), and O3 (61.21 μg/m3), respectively, all of which did not exceed the national secondary standard. The results of single pollutant model analysis showed that each 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration in lag0 day was associated with a 0.33% increase (95% CI: 0.06 - 0.72) (P>0.05) in mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In the female population, each 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration in lag01 day was associated with a 0.92% increase (95% CI: 0.26 - 1.56) (P2 concentration in lag0 day was associated with a 0.62% increase (95% CI: 0.12 - 1.12) (P2, CO or O3), the effect of NO2 on the mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women and the whole population in cold season still existed. Conclusion The low ambient level of NO2 in Enshi city was significantly associated with increased mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in female population as well as in cold seasons in the whole population. Attention should be paid to the health protection of special populations in areas with low ambient pollution level of NO2 in special seasons.
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Air pollution has severe detrimental effects on public health.A substantial number of studies have demonstrated that air pollution exposure is a risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and a cause of non-communicable diseases.Both long-term and short-term exposure to air pollution are associated with respiratory diseases,stroke,coronary artery disease,and diabetes.Aiming to better understand the association,we reviewed the latest studies about the association of air pollution with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,especially stroke,coronary heart disease,arrhythmia,hypertension,and heart failure,and summarized the underlying mechanisms of the health damage caused by long-term and short-term exposure to air pollution.
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Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Stroke/complicationsABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the composition and influencing factors of the hospitalization expenses of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases who has participated in basic medical insurance, and to provide evidence for controlling excessive increase in the hospitalization expenses and reducing the financial burden of patients. Methods The hospitalization information of 14,271 insured patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 in Xianning City, Hubei Province was retrospectively collected. The basic information of the patients and the composition of their hospitalization expenses were descriptively analyzed, and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses of the patients were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results Among the patients included in the study, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage and essential hypertension were the four main types of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with the largest proportion of hospitalization expenses, accounting for 26.18%, 20.29%, 11.82% and 9.94%, respectively. The largest proportion of hospitalization expenses was treatment expenses and drug expenses, accounting for 44.09% and 32.52%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, length of stay, type of insurance, type of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, whether there were other comorbidities or complications, and whether they visited tertiary medical institutions were the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses for patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the disease prevention and control for the elderly and patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage and essential hypertension, accelerate the integration of the basic medical insurance system, scientifically and reasonably shorten the length of hospital stay, and strengthen the promotion of the hierarchical medical system.
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Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are one of the major diseases endangering human health， and its morbidity and mortality are still in the rising stage in our country. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） injections play an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases due to their advantages of rapid onset， remarkable curative effect， and convenient use. Among them， Danhong injection （DHI）， a Chinese medicine injection for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis， is widely used in the clinical treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. DHI is composed of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （Danshen in Chinese） and Carthami Flos （Honghua in Chinese）， and mainly contains phenolic acids， tanshinones and flavonoids. A large number of studies have shown that DHI has a significant effect in the treatment of ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases， is a representative drug of co-therapy of brain and heart of TCM， its pharmacological effects related to many aspects such as anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， anti-coagulation. At the same time， Other studies have also explained the protective effects of DHI on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases through the overall regulation and intervention of multiple targets and pathways. However， DHI has a wide range of clinical applications， there are still many unknown pharmacological effects to be further explored. Therefore， this article summarizes the current researches on the chemical components of DHI， the multi-target and multi-path pharmacological mechanisms of DHI in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， and introduces the latest pharmacological research progress， so as to provide theoretical guidance for clinical rational drug use and subsequent in-depth research.
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BACKGROUND: It is generally known that PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, Jak/Stat, NF-κB and Notch signaling pathways play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, gene transcription, and immune inflammation. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a crucial role in mediating the hypoxia signaling pathway and acts as a core factor in the hypoxic reaction process. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the relationship between HIF-1α and hypoxia signaling pathways, providing new ideas for the research and treatment of altitude diseases. METHODS: English literatures published during 2000-2019 were retrieved from PubMed and Medline. Chinese literatures published during 2011-2019 were retrieved from CNKI and WanFang databases. Search terms were “hypoxia inducible factor 1α, signal pathway” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the occurrence of hypoxic-related diseases (inflammation, tumor, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases) and altitude disease, the expression levels of HIF-1 and the key factors of these signaling pathways can change to varying degrees. HIF-1 is closely related to these signaling pathway under the hypoxic conditions, regulates molecular expression in these signaling pathways, or are regulated by these signaling pathways to increase or decrease, in response to the changes in the body under hypoxia conditions.
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BACKGROUND: Hypoxia is a common physiological and pathological stress response in various diseases, and exosomes are widely involved in the mechanism of hypoxia injury and its adaptive mechanism. The two are closely related, which is the current research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To find a new target for the prevention and treatment of high altitude diseases and open up new ideas. METHODS: The PubMed and Medline databases from 2013 to 2020, and the CNKI and Wanfang databases from 2018 to 2019 were searched by computer. The key words were “serum exosomes, hypoxia, tumor, inflammation, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases” in Chinese and English. Finally, 57 articles were included in the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hypoxia is a potential environmental death factor by affecting cell cycle, morphology, metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, apoptosis and so on. Hypoxia can regulate the release and change the content of exosomes, which is strongly associated with cell specificity, the duration of hypoxia exposure and the severity of hypoxia. In the environment of hypoxia, exosomes can transmit all kinds of biological information and play an important role in biology through specific binding with receptor cells. As a biomarker of disease diagnosis, exosomes have great potential.
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Vascular diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases of the lower extremities are serious threats to human health. The emergence of compression therapy is of great significance for the effective prevention and treatment of these vascular diseases and the therapeutic value of compression therapy has been confirmed by many research results at present. Compression therapy is a non-invasive physical therapy implemented through a series of compression therapy devices, including external counterpulsation for the treatment of various ischemic diseases, intermittent pneumatic compression for the treatment of some peripheral vascular diseases in the lower extremities, graduated compression stockings for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis, and so on. This review summarizes clinical applications of these typical compression therapies in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases of the lower extremities, analyzes their advantages and limitations, and discusses the necessity and significance of biomechanical research on compression therapies.
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Objective@#To observe the relationship between hyperthyroidism and vascular endothelial injury.@*Methods@#From 2016 to 2017, data of 60 patients with simple hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. And 60 healthy subjects were enrolled in the same period as a healthycontrol group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the content of vascular endothelial injury markers (vWF), thrombomodulin (TM), endothelin-1 (ET-1), P-selectin in serum of all subjects, as well as the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases levels. The correlation analysis of vascular endothelial injury in the simple hyperthyroidism group, autoimmune thyroid disease group, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group and healthy control group was conducted.@*Results@#There were statistically significant differences between the healthy control group, the simple hyperthyroidism group, the autoimmune thyroid disease group and the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group in the serum levels of vWF, TM, ET-1 and P-selectin, respectively(F = 6.56, 9.19, 7.88, 12.45, P < 0.05), and the simple hyperthyroidism group, autoimmune thyroid disease group, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group were significantly higher than the healthy control group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the vascular endothelial injury in the patients with simple hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases groups was statistically significantly different compared with the healthy control group, respectively(χ2 = 5.08, 5.08, 8.16, P < 0.05); the risk of vascular endothelial injury in each diseased group was 2.37, 2.37, and 3.07 times higher than that of the healthy control group, respectively. The abnormal rates of TSH, FT3, FT4, TgAb and TPOAb in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 18.33% (11/60), 15.00% (9/60), 15.00% (9/60), 10.00% (6/60) and 11.7% (7/60), respectively.@*Conclusion@#Simple hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease are risk factors of vascular endothelial injury.
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Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among adult populations in China. The incidence and mortality rate shows an upward trend, and age of onset is younger trend. It is necessary to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with Chinese materia medica. Natural products have been the important and productive source of leading compounds for the development of anti-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs. Naturally occurring triterpenoid saponins are generally plant-derived secondary metabolites with various valuable pharmacological properties. Pentacyclic triterpenoids of which show obvious anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiviral effects. In recent years, increasing researches focused on the anticardiovascular and cerebrovascular mechanisms and modifications to improve the pharmacological activity and druggability of pentacyclic triterpenes. Based on previous studies, the literatures and patents of nearly 10 years on pentacyclic triterpenoids and their derivatives have been consulted. The research progress of anti-cardio-cerebrovascular activities of four types of compounds, oleanane, ursane, lupane, and friedelane, related to pentacyclic triterpenoids is reviewed, which provides a basis and reference for its further development and utilization in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Objective To observe the relationship between hyperthyroidism and vascular endothelial injury.Methods From 2016 to 2017,data of 60 patients with simple hyperthyroidism,autoimmune thyroid disease,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.And 60 healthy subjects were enrolled in the same period as a healthycontrol group.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the content of vascular endothelial injury markers (vWF),thrombomodulin (TM),endothelin-1 (ET-1),P-selectin in serum of all subjects,as well as the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb),and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases levels.The correlation analysis of vascular endothelial injury in the simple hyperthyroidism group,autoimmune thyroid disease group,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group and healthy control group was conducted.Results There were statistically significant differences between the he althy control group,the simple hyperthyroidism group,the autoimmune thyroid disease group and the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group in the serum levels of vWF,TM,ET-1 and P-selectin,respectively (F =6.56,9.19,7.88,12.45,P ＜ 0.05),and the simple hyperthyroidism group,autoimmune thyroid disease group,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group were significantly higher than the healthy control group (P ＜ 0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the vascular endothelial injury in the patients with simple hyperthyroidism,autoimmune thyroid disease,and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases groups was statistically significantly different compared with the healthy control group,respectively (x2 =5.08,5.08,8.16,P ＜ 0.05);the risk of vascular endothelial injury in each diseased group was 2.37,2.37,and 3.07 times higher than that of the healthy control group,respectively.The abnormal rates of TSH,FT3,FT4,TgAb and TPOAb in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 18.33％ (11/60),15.00％ (9/60),15.00％ (9/60),10.00％ (6/60) and 11.7％ (7/60),respectively.Conclusion Simple hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease are risk factors of vascular endothelial injury.
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Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of regulatory T cells (Treg cell) in promoting endothelialization of carotid artery after balloon injury. Methods Treg cells were isolated from rat spleen by Treg cell sorting kit and carotid artery injury model was established. The rats were divided into three groups: control group (the same volume of normal saline), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) group (intravenous injection of VEGF, 20 μmol/kg) and Treg cell group (1×105 Treg cells injected via tail vein). HE staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect endothelialization. The levels of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor β(TGF-β), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)in serum were detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of monocytes, T cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). Results Histological staining showed that no endothelial cells were observed in the control group, and more endothelial cells were found in the carotid intima in the Treg cell group. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of IL-10, TGF- β, IL-1 β and TNF-α protein in the control group and the Treg cell group were significantly different (t = 8.252, P0. 05). The proportion of EPC in TGF-β blocking group was(0. 3082±0. 02291)%, compared with the Treg cell group, the difference was significant (t = 4. 029, P<0. 01). Conclusion Treg cells promote the rapid endothelialization of carotid artery after balloon injury by inducing EPC mobilization.
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The pharmaceutical co-crystal has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as a new direction in the research of polymorphism drugs. The research on pharmaceutical co-crystal has scientific significance for improving the solubility, bioavailability and physical or chemical stability of drugs. In this paper, from the perspective of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases(including five major types: heart failure, hypertension, coronary heart disease and arrhythmia, stroke) , the latest research results of pharmaceutical co-crystal reported in recent years are reviewed, hope to provide reference for the follow-up research and promote the development of pharmaceutical co-crystal in China.
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Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCDs) are the primary causes of death in Chinese adults. With the increase in morbidity and mortality rates and the decrease in the age of onset, CCD becomes a very natural target for traditional Chinese medicine. Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF) is the dry ripe fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., which features a sweet and sour taste and the effects of calming the heart and tranquilizing the mind. It is mainly used for treatment of dysphoria and palpitation, insomnia and dreamful sleep due to the lack of spirit preservation. The main components of SC include lignans, volatile oils and polysaccharides. This review summarized the pharmacological effects of SC and its active components in the treatment of CCDs. The results showed that SCF and its active components protect against cardiovascular diseases mainly through the antioxidant, apoptosis inhibition and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In addition, they protect against cerebrovascular diseases mainly by increasing energy metabolism, regulating autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis, antioxidant, and regulating nerve neurotransmitters and circadian genes. In conclusion, lignans are the most active components in SCF. This study provides a reference for the clinical research and utilization of SCF, as well as the application basis for co-treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Soy isoflavones are a category of natural isoflavones with various biological activities.Daidzein is an isoflavone com?pound,which exhibits many kinds of bioactivities,such as anti-tumor,cardio-cerebral vascular protection,blood lipid reduction,the anti-osteoporosis,anti-atherosclerosis and endocrine system regulation.In addition,daidzein intake is associated with reducing risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.In this paper,we review the research progresses of daidzein in the prevention and treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in terms of its protectire effect on blood vessels,brain and myocardium in order to provide a reference for fur?ther investigation on the prevention and treatment effect of daidzein on cardio-cerebrovascular diseases to expand its clinical applica?tion.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, with widespread biological activities and a wide range of clinical application, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tanshinone is one of the most pharmacologically active components isolated from SM, which has attracted considerable attention for many years. In this paper, the authors will make systematic arrangement and analysis for the published literatures on the research and development of tanshinones, including pharmacological activities, action mechanisms, and product development, and objectively analyze the related intellectual property rights, in order to provide a scientific evidence and reference for the further research and product development of tanshinones.